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Liberty in John Milton’s Paradise Lost
As a text depicting the Fall of humanity, the question of liberty and by extension, free will, is central to John Milton’s Paradise Lost, with questions of Adam and Eve’s freedom in the poem being the subject of extensive criticism. The discussion of the characters’ liberty—most commonly defined as self-government or the state of not Continue reading
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Human and Non-Human Entanglements in Mid-Late Medieval English Literature
Carolyn Dinshaw begins her chapter ‘Ecology’ in A Handbook of Middle English Studies with a discussion of medieval roof bosses depicting humans with leaves sprouting from their heads and growing out of their mouths. The ubiquity of these sculptures across Europe, as ‘one of the most popular decorative motifs in medieval ecclesiastical sculpture’ demonstrates a Continue reading
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Report: The voyages and adventures of Fernand Mendez Pinto, A Portugal
The voyages and adventures of Fernand Mendez Pinto, published in 1653, is the first English translation of Fernão Mendes Pinto’s 1583 memoir Peregrinação, which details Pinto’s experiences in various parts of the world not yet widely explored by contemporary European powers. In being translated into English at all—around the beginning of the English book trade’s Continue reading
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Understandings of The World, Matter, & Relations Between the Human and Non-Human in Medieval and Post-Modern Literature
The Fall Medieval Christian society understood the Fall as an upheaval of God’s intended design for creation as it brought about a reconfiguration of humans’ relationship to their surroundings, creating a world in which humans now needed to kill animals for food and clothing. The Fall was also understood as the introduction of pain into Continue reading
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Augustine, Genesis 1 and 2, & Female Subordination
In ‘The Literal Meaning of Genesis’ Augustine of Hippo (354 AD – 430 AD) comments on the creation accounts of Genesis 1 and 2 to form judgements on the nature of biblical manhood and womanhood and to develop ideas about the body and human sexuality, focusing particularly on the distinction between the carnality of the Continue reading
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Close Reading: Autobiography of Eve by Ansel Elkin
Wearing nothing but snakeskin boots, I blazed a footpath, the first radical road out of that old kingdom toward a new unknown. When I came to those great flaming gates of burning gold, I stood alone in terror at the threshold between Paradise and Earth. There I heard a mysterious echo: my own voice singing Continue reading
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“A Rich Man’s Whimsy”: Approaches to Rewilding in Sarah Hall’s The Wolf Border
In her 2015 novel The Wolf Border Sarah Hall depicts the phenomena of rewilding, a process in conservation biology whereby extirpated species are reintroduced to their original landscapes in an effort to decrease human intervention in nature’s processes. Set against the backdrop of an alternate Scottish independence referendum, Hall explores the idea of reintroducing the Continue reading
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“Harlotrye” and “Moralitee”: Sexual & Other Violence in Chaucer’s ‘The Miller’s Tale’ and ‘The Reeve’s Tale’
Excluding ‘The Knight’s Tale’, the first fragment of The Canterbury Tales is characterised by “harlotrye” referring to crude jesting, not exclusively of a sexual nature as harlotry particularly means now. Chaucer represents harlotry as the antithesis of morality, or “virtuous conduct and thought” as in the ‘Miller’s Prologue‘ Chaucer the pilgrim (the voice narrating the Continue reading
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Close Reading: Opening of ‘The Miller’s Tale’, Geoffrey Chaucer
This carpenter hadde wedded newe a wyf Which that he loved more than his lyf;Of eightene yeer she was of age.Jalous he was, and heeld hire narwe in cage,For she was wilde and yong, and he was oldAnd demed himself ben lyk a cokewold.He knew nat Catoun, for his wit was rude,That bad man sholde Continue reading